How to use Semicolons

1. The semicolon [ ; ] marks a long pause in a sentence.

2. It is half way between a comma and a colon.

3. Semicolons are used between clauses which could stand alone, but which are closely related.

He ran with his shirt over his head; he had forgotten his umbrella once again.

She couldn't dance in her favourite ballroom; it was being renovated.

4. For instance, in the following example there could be a full stop after 'England', but the semicolon is a more subtle pause:

Rutland was formerly the smallest county in England; no other area in the land was famous for so little.

5. Semicolons are also used to punctuate mixed lists in continuous prose writing:

Four objects lay on the desk: a large book; a spiral-bound notepad; a glass vase containing flowers; and a silver propelling pencil.

6. A semicolon is used when a second clause expands or explains the first:

Neither of us spoke; we merely waited patiently in silence to see what would happen.

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7. Semicolons can be used when successive clauses describe a sequence of actions or different aspects of the same topic:

There was a sharp, bracing air; the ground beneath us was dry; the sea was calm and clear.

8. They are often used before clauses which begin with 'nevertheless', 'therefore', 'even so', and 'for instance':

He usually took great care; even so he made a few errors.

9. The can be used to mark off a series of phrases or clauses which themselves contain commas:

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10. Semicolons are used to avoid ambiguity in sentences composed of phrases of different length and a mixed content:

The Chairman welcomed the President, Dr Garvey; the Vice-President Mr Barncroft and his wife; several delegates from the United States; and members of the public who had been invited to attend.

11. If you are in any doubt at all concerning the correct use of the semicolon - then avoid using it entirely. It is the most commonly misused and misunderstood mark of punctuation.

12. It is perfectly possible to write clearly and effectively using only the comma and the full stop. Do this if you are in any doubt concerning the use of the semicolon (and the colon).

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